What is Diwali, the Festival of Lights, and how is it celebrated?

Diwali, also called Deepavali, is one of the most important festivals for Hindus in India and is celebrated by many across faiths around the world. The festival symbolizes the victory of light over darkness and good over evil, and its meanings vary by community. Preparations begin in the days leading up to the celebration, with homes cleaned and decorated, and streets illuminated by thousands of oil lamps. Central to the observance is the lighting of lamps (diyas) and the creation of rangoli designs at entrances to welcome guests and the goddess Lakshmi, who is worshiped for wealth and prosperity. Families gather for prayers, share festive meals and sweets, and exchange gifts. While fireworks and firecrackers are common in many regions, safety and environmental concerns have prompted some communities to adopt quieter or more mindful practices. Diwali is celebrated by millions in India and by Indian diaspora communities around the world, including in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Singapore and Fiji. Local customs vary: some emphasize Lakshmi Puja, others celebrate the return of the hero Rama, and many mark new beginnings in business and personal life with prayers for fortune and well-being in the year ahead.